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Use Android as Rubber Ducky against another Android device
HID attack using Android Using Android as Rubber Ducky against Android. This is not a new technique, just a demo how to perform HID attack using Android instead of rubber ducky. For targeted Android device it is not necessary to be rooted, have ADB/USB debugging enabled and device authorized, since attacker’s smartphone behaves as connected keyboard.
How to prevent this happening
charge you smartphone using your own adapter
use none trivial PIN or password lockscreen protection
use mobile security software that will detect and prevent from launching payloads
Prerequisites
rooted Android with HID kernel support (e.g. NetHunter ROM)
OTG cable
Script info This is custom script, which might not work on your testing case scenario. Because of that, you must play around with pressed keys that are sent to targeted device. Website with my testing payload is not active anymore. List of all possible keys can be found on the link below.
“Hacking Wifi”sounds really cool and interesting. But actually hacking wifi practically is much easier with a good wordlist. But this world list is of no use until we don’t have any idea of how to actually use that word list in order to crack a hash. And before cracking the hash we actually need to generate it. So, below are those steps along with some good wordlists to crack a WPA/WPA2 wifi.
Note: Use the below methods only for educational/testing purposes on your own wifi or with the permission of the owner. Don’t use this for malicious purposes.
So, boot up Kali Linux. Open the terminal window. And perform the following steps.
Step 1:ifconfig(interface configuration) : To view or change the configuration of the network interfaces on your system.
ifconfig
Here,
eth0 : First Ethernet interface
l0 : Loopback interface
wlan0 : First wireless network interface on the system. (This is what we need.)
Step 2: Stop the current processes which are using the WiFi interface.
–bssid : MAC address of a wireless access point(WAP).
-w : The Directory where you want to save the file(Password File).
wlan0mon : Name of the interface.
Step 6: Open a new terminal window to disconnect the clients connected to the target network.
aireplay-ng -0 10 -a 80:35:C1:13:C1:2C wlan0mon
aireplay-ng : To inject frames
-0 : For deauthentication
10 : No. of deauthentication packets to be sent
-a : For the bssid of the target network
wlan0mon : Name of the interface.
When the client is disconnected from the target network. He tries to reconnect to the network and when he does you will get something called WPA handshake in the previous window of the terminal.
Now, we are done with capturing the packets. So, now you can close the terminal window.
Step 7. To decrypt the password. Open the Files application.
Introduced and adopted in the mid 70s, SS7 (Common Channel Signaling System No. 7 or C7) has been the industry standard since, and hasn’t advanced much in decades. It’s outdated security concepts make it especially vulnerable to hackers.
SS7’s success has also, in a way, been its curse. At least when it comes to cyber security. The SS7 protocol is used everywhere, and is the leading protocol for connecting network communication worldwide. Because it is so prevalent, used by both intelligence agencies and mobile operators. From a surveillance perspective, it is considerably effective. As such, SS7 is an attacker’s best friend, enabling them access to the same surveillance capabilities held by law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
How does SS7 work?
The set of SS7 telephony signaling protocols is responsible for setting up and terminating telephone calls over a digital signaling network to enable wireless cellular and wired connectivity. It is used to initiate most of the world’s public telephone calls over PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
Over time other applications were integrated into SS7. This allowed for the introduction of new services like SMS, number translation, prepaid billing, call waiting/forwarding, conference calling, local number portability, and other mass-market services.
SS7 attacks are mobile cyber attacks that exploit security vulnerabilities in the SS7 protocol to compromise and intercept voice and SMS communications on a cellular network. Similar to a Man In the Middle attack, SS7 attacks target mobile phone communications rather than wifi transmissions.
How do SS7 attacks work?
SS7 attacks exploit the authentication capability of communication protocols running atop the SS7 protocol to eavesdrop on voice and text communications. According to telecommunications experts, all a cyber criminal would need to successfully launch an SS7 attack are a computer running Linux and the SS7 SDK – both free to download from the Internet.
Once connected to an SS7 network, the hacker can target subscribers on the network while fooling the network into thinking the hacker device is actually an MSC/VLR node.
What’s in it for the Hackers?
When a hacker successfully performs a MitM phishing attack, they gain access to the same amounts and types of information that are usually reserved for the use of security services. Having the ability to eavesdrop on calls and text messages, as well as device locations empowers hackers to gain valuable information.
A common security precaution used by many is one of the targets of SS7 attacks. Two-factor authentication (also known as 2FA) via SMS using SS7 is inherently flawed as these SMS messages are unencrypted and hackers know how to intercept them. With the code from the SMS in their hand, a cyber-criminal can potentially reset your password to Google, Facebook, WhatsApp account, or even your bank account.
The Risks to Digital Businesses
It doesn’t take an expert to see that it takes little skill and equipment for a hacker to successfully mount a man-in-the-middle MitM phishing attack. With most businesses managing their communications over cellular connections, it’s clear that SS7 attacks pose a significant risk. It’s important to remember that isn’t not only proprietary or confidential information hackers are interested in. The growing prevalence of IoT devices relyant on mobile networks to transmit data is expanding the risk playing field.
An enterprise’s IoT infrastructure, critical services can be prime targets. Such attacks can lead to potentially damaging breaches of confidential information as well as hijacking or disabling of mission-critical devices and services.
Considering how high the risks are, manufacturers are doing too little to warn businesses using IoT devices about potential security vulnerabilities in their products. This exposes network operators to attacks through compromised customer IoT devices on their network.
What can mobile operators do to prevent SS7 attacks?
The flaws and vulnerabilities inherent in the SS7 protocol are out of the jurisdiction of enterprises, small businesses as well as consumers. Being that, SS7 vulnerabilities cannot simply be removed or fixed.
The GSMA recommends that mobile network operations focus on consumer education. With consumers paying more attention to the security of their smartphones and IoT devices they are more likely to take action to secure their devices. Especially when it comes to critical applications and services like Smart Homes and Offices.
1. User Password Security
Two factor SMS authentication, flawed as it is, is still widely used. Security conscious businesses and services are gradually moving away from SMS and offer other methods of authenticating users which do not rely on antiquated telephone protocols like SS7.
2. Monitoring & Event Analysis
If an SS7 network is successfully compromised, companies need to have the ability to monitor the activity during the attack. They need to be informed on security events in the context of what is happening on corporate servers as well as devices. This needs to be part of any enterprise mobile security strategy. Ultimately, businesses need to implement a defense that identifies threats and takes action before any damage occurs.
3. Regular Updates
Cyber security is not a set it and forget it deal even if you employ automation. Cybercriminals are always coming up with new exploits and approaches to compromise systems to get their hands on confidential data or hijack devices for ransom. Effective Patch Management is critical and complements adaptive defense. By employing real time analysis of endpoint security, business can ensure known vulnerabilities are sealed as soon as possible through software and firmware updates.
What can YOU do?
The only way to be fully safe from SS7 attacks is to simply shut your smartphone off. You and I both know that’s not an option. So what you can do is “know the enemy”. Being aware that malicious activities like SS7 attacks are prevalent and common is simply a necessity in 2020.
That said, with the billions of mobile phone users worldwide, the risk of you being targeted for surveillance by cyber-criminals is probably small. But if you happen to be a president, queen or even doctor holding sensitive patient information on their mobile, your chances are much higher than those of an average Joe. If you’re still using 2FA for banking services, you might very well be in danger of having your account compromised.
Considering just how easy it is to execute an SS7 attack and how much damage a successful one can do to both the victim and their service provider, one can only hope that innovation in telecom will protect us, the end users. For enterprises, government agencies and MSPs today there are numerous solutions ranging from complex customized mobile VPN systems, to innovative plug-and-play solutions like FirstPoint SIM-based user level protection
A Man-in-the-Middle Attack (MITM) is a form of cyber eavesdropping in which malicious actors insert themselves into a conversation between two parties and intercept data through a compromised but trusted system. The targets are often intellectual property or fiduciary information. MITM aggressors will also use malware to open the communications channel with the hopes of creating zombie machines or building vast networks of comprised systems. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks can be used as way into systems in order to execute an advanced persistent threat (APT).
In many cases organizations are unaware their session and/or data has been tampered with until it is much too late. If a MITM attack is successful, organizations experience negative brand perception, reduced customers’ confidence and ultimately a damaged bottom line.
How Man-in-the-Middle Attacks work
MITM attacks can be executed in a number of different ways that exploit communications between other parties. Whether by passive or active means, an MITM attack finds a way between a user and an entity and attempts to conceal the breach and information theft. Below are common ways Man-in-the-Middle Attacks manipulate communication systems.
Types of Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
Email Hijacking – attackers gain access to a user’s email account and watch transactions to and from the account. When the time is right, for instance the user is exchanging funds with another party, the attacker takes advantage of the situation by attempting to intercept the funds by spoofing one or all members of the conversation.
Wi-Fi Eavesdropping – a passive way to deploy MITM attacks, Wi-Fi eavesdropping involves cyber hackers setting up public Wi-Fi connections, typically with an unsuspecting name, and gain access to their victims as soon as they connect to the malicious Wi-Fi.
Session Hijacking – session hijacking is when an attacker gains access to an online session via a stolen session key or stolen browser cookies.
DNS Spoofing – an attacker engages in DNS spoofing by altering a website’s address record within a DNS (domain name server) server. A victim unknowingly visits the fake site and the attacker will attempt to steal their information.
IP Spoofing – similar to DNS spoofing, IP Spoofing sees an attacker attempt to divert traffic to a fraudulent website with malicious intent. Instead of spoofing the website’s address record, the attacker disguises an IP (internet protocol) address.
How to Prevent Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
Implement a comprehensive Email Security Solution – an email security solution is a vital tool in an organizations security architecture that will help minimize the risks associated with MITM. It secures email activity pro-actively while staff focuses efforts elsewhere.
Implement a Web Security Solution – a strong web security tool provides visibility to web traffic generated by both the system and end user at protocol and port layers. Similar to an email security tool, this implementation protects your organization’s web traffic so the security team can cover more ground.
Educate Employees – Making training relevant to the employee is key to training effectiveness. Prepare your workforce for these advanced attacks by educating them on the dynamics, patterns, samples and frequency of attack methods attempted on other organizations. Case studies are a valuable resource when putting together educational materials and awareness programs.
Keep credentials secure - Check your user credentials often. Make sure your passwords are secure, complex and updated every three months at a minimum. This will aid in your company’s protection by keeping credentials fresh and more difficult to crack.
The attack surface remains largely unprotected from Wi-Fi threats that can result in stolen credentials and sensitive information as well as backdoor/malware payload drops.
It's been nearly 20 years since IEEE 802.11b was released and the world got the first Wi-Fi-branded products. And yet the Layer 2 attack surface remains largely unprotected from dangerous Wi-Fi threats that can result in stolen credentials and sensitive information as well as backdoor/malware payload drops. Attackers have been exploiting a fundamental issue with Wi-Fi: Laptops, smartphones, and connected devices aren't equipped to distinguish between two radios broadcasting the same SSID name. This allows hackers to use malicious access points (APs) that eavesdrop on traffic, establish "man-in-the-middle" (MitM) positions, and extract sensitive information, often without leaving any traces behind.
One of the most dangerous Wi-Fi threat categories is undoubtedly "evil twin" APs, an attack technique nearly two decades old. In fact, the US Department of Justice recently charged hackers within the Russian military agency GRU with implementing evil twin AP attacks to steal credentials and "plant espionage-oriented malware" targeting organizations such as anti-doping agencies, nuclear power operations, and chemical testing laboratories.
How did these GRU attacks work? The threat actor used 802.11 radios to broadcast the same SSIDs as offices and hotels in order to trick victims' devices into associating, thereby establishing their MitM position and supplying Internet service through 4G LTE connections to evade network security. Let's take a closer look at evil twin attacks to better understand defense best practices and techniques.
Analyzing Evil Twin AP Attacks In a normal Wi-Fi connection, a person's client device (image below) associates with a legitimate AP.
Source: Ryan Orsi, WatchGuard
When an evil twin AP is present, a threat actor broadcasts the same SSID as the legitimate AP (and often the same BSSID or MAC address of the SSID) to fool the device into connecting (image below).
In the case of the GRU evil twin attacks, hackers reportedly used a popular pen-testing tool — the Wi-Fi Pineapple from Hak5 — connected to high-gain antennas, battery packs, and a mobile 4G LTE WAN backhaul connection located in the trunks of their cars or carried within backpacks into buildings. The Wi-Fi Pineapple automates much of the labor required to set up an evil twin attack.
While within range of the target SSID, attackers begin by broadcasting the same SSID. This is straightforward and can even be done on smartphones with data plans that allow mobile Wi-Fi hotspot tethering. Attackers looking to avoid drawing suspicion toward antennas and battery packs typically opt for a popular tool called bettercap, which can run natively on Linux, Mac, Windows, and Android systems.
The bettercap command used to configure a fake SSID to be broadcasted natively from a laptop or other client is "wifi.ap.ssid."
